HMPV is no COVID: Don't panic

In recent weeks, Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) has garnered attention due to a noticeable rise in cases in various parts of the world. While headlines comparing HMPV to COVID-19 may seem alarming, the facts indicate that there is no need for panic. Here is what HMPV is, its symptoms, treatments and how it compares with COVID-19 in terms of virulence and fatality, offering a comprehensive, data-driven perspective.

What is HMPV?

HMPV is a respiratory virus first identified in 2001 by Dutch scientists. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, it is closely related to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The virus typically spreads through respiratory droplets, direct contact, or contaminated surfaces.

Epidemiological data

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), HMPV is one of the leading causes of acute respiratory infections in children and the elderly, especially during late winter and spring.

Studies published in The Lancet estimate that globally, HMPV accounts for 5-15% of respiratory tract infections requiring hospitalisation annually.

A report from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) indicates that HMPV cases in India often peak during the cooler months, coinciding with other respiratory infections.

Symptoms of HMPV

HMPV primarily causes symptoms similar to a common cold. These are

• Cough
• Fever
• Nasal congestion
• Sore throat
• Shortness of breath

In severe cases, particularly among high-risk groups such as infants, older adults and those with compromised immune systems, the infection can lead to

• Bronchiolitis
• Pneumonia
• Acute respiratory distress

Treatment and prevention

Unlike COVID-19, which saw the rapid development of vaccines and antiviral treatments, there is no specific vaccine or antiviral for HMPV. Management is supportive, focusing on symptom relief.

Preventive measures

1. Regular handwashing with soap and water
2. Avoiding close contact with sick individuals
3. Practising respiratory hygiene, such as covering the mouth when coughing
4. Keeping frequently touched surfaces clean

HMPV vs COVID-19

Comparisons between HMPV and COVID-19 are inevitable, but data suggest significant differences in virulence, fatality, and public health impact.

Key metrics

 Virulence: COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, demonstrated a reproduction number (R0) between 2 and 3 during early waves. HMPV, in contrast, has an R0 of less than 1.5, indicating lower transmissibility.

Fatality rate: WHO estimates the global mortality rate of COVID-19 during the initial waves at approximately 2-3%. HMPV, while serious for vulnerable populations, has a much lower case fatality rate, typically below 0.1%.

Public health impact: COVID-19 led to a global pandemic, overwhelming healthcare systems. HMPV, on the other hand, has been a seasonal respiratory virus for decades without causing such widespread disruption.

Current situation in India

In India, surveillance by the ICMR shows that HMPV cases are well within expected seasonal patterns. Hospitals and healthcare providers are vigilant, particularly for pediatric and geriatric patients presenting with respiratory symptoms.

The government has also stressed the importance of distinguishing between HMPV and more severe respiratory illnesses like COVID-19 to prevent unnecessary alarm.

While HMPV deserves caution, especially for vulnerable populations, it does not pose the same public health threat as COVID-19. By adhering to standard preventive measures and seeking timely medical attention for severe symptoms, individuals can effectively manage the risks associated with HMPV.

Public awareness, driven by accurate information, is the key to ensuring that concerns about HMPV do not escalate into undue panic. As health authorities worldwide continue to monitor the virus, individuals are encouraged to maintain hygiene and stay informed through credible sources.

HMPV isn't COVID

HMPV is not a "new COVID-19". It is a well-documented seasonal virus with manageable risks, and India’s healthcare system is equipped to handle it. Let’s approach the situation with caution, not fear.